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The exact origin of Berkhamsted Castle is unclear. It was almost certainly built by Robert, Count of Mortain and Earl of Cornwall, who was the half-brother of King William I. Robert prospered from the Norman Conquest in 1066 and grew even more rich during the following years.

However, his son made a big slip-up by backing Robert of Normandy against King Henry I. Henry confiscated the castle and its grounds and put it up for rent. Various wealthy families rented it from time to time, one of whom was Thomas Becket.

Berkhamsted Castle is of the classic style for its age in that it is a motte and bailey castle. The motte is a tall conical rise of earth on which would stand the last line of defence, the keep. Two ditches surround the bailey with a rampart in between. The ditches may or may not have been full of water.

The motte and bailey and its keep were the ancient equivalent of a contemporary strong or safe room. If the outer concentric walls of the castle were breached, the family occupying the castle and their most loyal soldiers would flee into the keep and lift up the drawbridge. Any would-be attackers now had to advance across open ground, in effect a killing field.

Then the invaders would have to cross a ditch or a moat under heavy fire, climb over a rampart and swim another moat. If they got that far they would face a sheer keep wall with no windows doors or toe-holds whilst a withering shower of rocks and arrows poured down upon them from a great height.

The keep at Berkhamsted Castle has been taken away quite some time ago. It has to be remembered that castles were symbols of foreign oppression and were fiercely hated by the indigenous locals. The first castles or forts really were Roman; then came, Saxon forts and castles and finally Norman castles – all owned by marauding foreigners.

So once a castle was destroyed or badly damaged, it was not unusual for the locals to pillage the ruins in order to build a new cottage for their family or a new cowshed for their livestock. It was easier to steal the rocks from the rundown castle than quarry them themselves. So, the original rocks that made up Berkhamsted Castle are almost certainly to be discovered under centuries of plaster in the near-by local farmhouses.

Having said that, there are still sections of the original flint wall from the era of Thomas Becket’s occupancy of the castle. The bits of stone were almost certainly too small to be worth pinching.

The remains of three semi-circular towers flank this wall which ran from the motte to the bailey. They too lie in ruins although the foundations show what they were. There are also the ruins of a barbican at the north end of the bailey.

There are hundreds, if not thousands of castles in the United Kingdom. Most of them are in ruins but some are very well conserved and some are even still occupied, like Windsor Castle for example.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on several subjects, but is now concerned with the bouncy castles for sale. If you want to know more, please visit our web site at Bouncy House Rentals

Our American Education System Has Been Hi-jacked by Those Advocating a Dumbing Down of Children. Their Goal is to Create a Population of Workers, Not Thinkers.

The American education system is being systematically changed from one of teaching children to think into one of preparing children for the New World Order. Our young people are no longer learning critical thinking skills; theyre taught to embrace the collective.

The New World Order, also commonly called the Global Community, is the vision of the worlds elite. The elite envision a world where God-given rights are a thing of the past.

They envision a world where constant surveillance and brainwashing ensures that the public is subservient to the elites military forces. The plan is to keep you in a constant state of fear. The plan is to ruin the family structure, to turn child against parent.

If you look closely, this is being manifested in the American education system.

“We no longer see the teaching of facts and information as the primary function of education.”

- Dr. Shirley McCune, at the 1989 Kansas Governors Conference

Thats right; the primary purpose is to identify at a young age what vocation each child is best “suited for,” and then churn out “worker bees,” rather than vibrant people full of their own individual ideas.

Mark Cella on Outcome Based American Education System

“If every parent in America knew what was really going on in the public schools, there would be a revolution.”

- Columnist Thomas Sowell

If youre a parent, you need to be aware of a new idea called “Outcome-Based Education” (OBE).

In his comments in the infamous “Dear Hillary letter,” Congressman Henry Hyde charged that the Goals 2000/STW (School-to-Work) education reforms were a planned concept “for dumbing down our schools and changing the character of the nation through behavior modification.”

Congressman Sonny Bono, in the letter to a constituent said: “Our schools will be restructured to teach labor skills and to focus on changing attitudes and social behavior.”

Lynne Cheney, former head of the National Endowment for the Humanities, showed in her New York Times article that: “School-to-Work programs dont just direct job choices. They also seek to inculcate attitudes.”

The chairman of the Education Committee in the Oregon House of Representatives said that through school “reform” Oregon shifted “from effective education (reading, writing and arithmetic) to affective education where the emphasis is on attitudes, behaviors, and socialization. Academic subjects become secondary.”

- quoted from None Dare Call It Education, by John A. Stormer

Mark Cella on Outcome Based American Education System

Realize that as some people became aware of “Outcome-Based Education” (OBE) in the mid-90s, it came under attack by those concerned with its intent at dumbing down our youth.

Therefore, those advocating it stopped using the term. However, its still in operation under other names, such as, performance-based education, competency-based education, and high-performance education.

Again, we turn to Stormers book for insight on two problems with OBE and its effect on the American education system.

Family Research Council issued a report on OBE in 1994 saying:

” … the outcomes that the gurus of OBE have in mind have less to do with whether Johnny can comprehend the Federalist Papers or place the Civil War in the correct half-century than with his acquisition of the desired attitudes on such issues as global resource inequality, multiculturalism, homelessness, alternative lifestyles, and environmentalism. Under OBE, political correctness goes to grade school. The new outcomes are supposed to make education relevant to real life problems.”

The second major problem with OBE is that its advocates say, “No student will fail-all will measure up.” That sounds appealing. Yet all students do not have the same basic abilities. To insure that all achieve the targeted outcomes there must be a leveling down of the goals.

The problem was spelled out in a September 1992 publication of the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), In answering the question, What are some of the major challenges in the process of converting to OBE? DESE said:

“The first and most critical challenge is changing our beliefs and attitudes. We must stop believing that a few students will do well in school, that most will be average and that some will certainly fail. That belief or expectation will be difficult to change because, in all our experience, that is what we have observed. A successful conversion to OBE requires us to believe that virtually all students can learn at a satisfactory level. They can if our schools are organized and conducted to achieve that goal.”

Mark Cella on Goals for the Education System

Earlier, we quoted Shirley McCune. Heres what Stormer had to say regarding McCune and her ideas for the American education system in None Dare Call It Education.

“McCune is typical of the new generation of school reformers and planners. She led the way in bringing key educators to see boys and girls as human capital–raw material to be shaped and molded into the bricks and mortar for building a new world order.”

Later Stormer quotes Lamar Alexander, President of the University of Tennesseeand a former Governor of that state, as he describes how theyll restructure Americas society through brand new American schools:

I would think the brand new American school would be open year round-open from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m. A second characterization might be that these schools would serve children from age three months to eighteen years of age. A shocking thought to you-but if you were to do an inventory of every baby in your community and think about the needs of those babies for the next four or five years, you might see that those needs might not be served in any other way-they have to be served in some way-and maybe around the school. Or if you study a little more, you might go back to think the school might need to serve the pregnant mother of the baby in terms of prenatal care.”

Do you see what these New World Order nuts envision for Americans? They see and are implementing how they can transform the American education system into a complete invasion of the family and private life.

Unless these plans are thwarted, the future will be one where individual parental control over their children will be replaced with state control.

In 1934, a man named Aldous Huxley wrote a fictional book called, Brave New World. In it he wrote.

“A really efficient totalitarian state would be one in which the all-powerful executive of political bosses and their army of managers control a population of slaves who do not have to be coerced, because they love their servitude. To make them love it is the task assigned, in present-day totalitarian states, to the ministries of propaganda, newspaper editors and school teachers.”

Huxleys “fiction” has turned real.

Mark Cella on the American Education System

Our goal is to expose all aspects of Globalization (New World Order), such as how the American education system is in serious danger. The misuse of our American education system is actually a symptom of allowing international bankers and industrialists to control our monetary system. Our money and banking is the key to the New World Order.

More education on this is available at Federal Reserve banking history and Money Creation. Once you understand that the elite cabal funds its Global Community through illegal taxation and fraudulent debt creation, you can begin to see that one solution is to go after that funding.

By blindly buying into Federal taxes and a mountain of debt, Americans are unwittingly funding the elite and their totalitarian plans. It doesnt have to be this way. If the people are educated on the fraud, the fraud falls apart. We suggest you allow Aaron Russo to educate you on the fraudulent tax issue.

Want to find out more about Mark Cella, then visit Mark Cella’s site and read more performing arts material Mark Cella.

Mark Cella What About Common Law?

Common Law in the USA is the Ghost of English Feudalism. America is Thought to be Based on a Fair Legal System but the Tyranny of Old England Lives on in Our Laws Today.

Common law in the USA is the injustice of the legal system that guards property for the banking mafia. Despite the Founding Fathers having sought a systemic change to get out from under the oppressive reign of the English crown, injustice lives on today.

In the 21st Century, this is still the case. US law in the new millennium is still based on common law from pre-colonial England.

Some of the essence of laws considered to be sacred in the United States actually date back to feudalist England in the 12th Century as is explored by S.F.C. Milsom of Cambridge University in his 2003 book, Historical Foundations of the Common Law and Legal Framework of English Feudalism.

Mark Cella a Bit About Common Law

These laws were ‘discovered’ in feudal courts onward based on arguments and the practical decisions of judges in a trial and error basis. In other words, in the US today, the legal system is based, in part, on what the feudal lords and later the Englishmen convinced judges based on the individual interests of accused and plaintiffs at the time.

This contradicts the idea that the modern legal system is based on the common good or on improving society; it is based on a literal trial and error process that began in the 12th Century with the signing of the Magna Carta, where the basic but limited notion of freedom first appears.

The defense of property and the rights of property as a fundamental principle, outweighed any implicit rights for human beings.

From then onwards, common law in the USA and other laws continued to be developed in a process of expanding the rights of defending individual property and the rights of property holders. Thus, naturally evolving over time into the laws of the modern US capitalist society.

Mark Cella on Common Law

The common law system of judges ruling based on custom, or legal precedent has evolved in the United States. Common Law in the USA has been mingled and mixed with a system of equity law over the past two centuries.

Equity Law also comes from England where it was created by the Crown in order to address matters not covered under existing common law. It seeks equity or justice through a set of principles and codes. Common Law in the US also lives alongside a set of codes and principles that are theoretically aimed at leveling the playing field and protecting the weakest.

However, even in a mixed system, the court’s prerogative to stick with custom rather than set precedent in most cases means that common law, which privileges the propertied, usually wins out over laws having to do with moral imperatives and the concept of justice.

This concept, justice, is an abstract concept; yet it is primordial to any society that truly seeks to promote an equality of freedoms.

Mark Cella What About Common Law?

A series of documents, which on the whole are referred to as the ‘Freedom Charter,’ laid the basis for the foundation of the United States. These documents, drafted and signed by the founding fathers that led the movement to secede from England, are the Declaration of Independence the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights (the first amendments to the US Constitution).

The first of these documents discussed certain inalienable rights of equality that it considered self-evident. The second document laid out the three branch government and its functions, clearly seeking to place greater power, that of making law in the most representative of those branches, the U.S. Congress.

The third was the judicial system, charged with interpreting the law. The third, and no less important of the documents, provided for a number of basic rights of citizens intended to guarantee against dictatorship and protect citizens from the whims of the State overstepping its power.

Mark Cella What About Common Law?

Common Law in the USA, as in England, has always evolved to meet new circumstances. But a legal system based in custom or in past behavior can also be an obstacle to change and improving society.

The new society that the founding fathers sought to create based on representation, freedom and equality was stillborn on the American Continent. It was held back by a legal system based in the protection of property.

Today, for real change to occur, common law in the USA does not hold the solution. A new legal system based on the future must be created to eliminate the ghost of English feudalism that plagues the American judicial system that only protects the dominant economic order.

Learn more about Mark Cella. Stop by Mark Cella’s site where you can find out all about performing arts: Mark Cella.